Equalities

It seems to be simple to compare two values: 1 == 1 or 2 == 3? However, when a variable is assigned to a value, it's a little bit more complicated: x = 3, y = 3, x == y? The different type of data can represent the same value: 1.0 == 0?

Lisp

> (= 1.0 1)
T

> (eql 1.0 1)
NIL

> (eql (cons 'a nil) (cons 'a nil)
NIL

> (setf x (cons 'a nil))
> (eql x x)
T

> (equal x (cons 'a nil))
T

C/C++

int x = 10;
int y = 20;

x == y // equal in Lisp
&x == &y // eql in Lisp
10 == 20 // = in Lisp

Python

>>> x = 10
>>> id(x)
1764365084

>>> y = 10
>>> id(y)
1764365084

>>> x is y // eql in LISP
True

>>> x == y // equal in LISP
True

>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> a == [1,2,3]
True

>>> a is [1,2,3]
False

>>> id(a)
4359792
>>> id([1,2,3])
4225424

Reference

• Python “is” operator behaves unexpectedly with integers
• What is the semantics of 'is' operator in Python?

Closure in Lisp - example

This is a code that I borrowed from the book Practical Common Lips for closure in Lisp.

(defun artist-selector (artist)
  #'(lambda (cd) (equal (gets cd :artist) artist)))

In the code, artist-selector returns a closure that closes a variable "artist" over it. We can use this closure as a parameter to "select" function. Lisp supports high order function decades ago to enable it possible. "*db*" is a global variable.

(defun select (selector-fn)
  (remove-if-not selector-fn *db*))

The usage of "select" method is as follows. You can create another closure with different parameter to the "artist-selector" function.

(select (artist-selector "Dixie Chicks"))




References

• 3. Practical: A Simple Database
• Clousre in Python